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Rebetol (Ribavirin) is an anti-viral drug which is active against a number of DNA and RNA viruses. It is a member of the nucleoside antimetabolite drugs that interfere with duplication of viral genetic material. Though not effective against all viruses, Rebetol (Ribavirin) is remarkable as a small molecule for its wide range of activity, including important activities against influenzas, flaviviruses and agents of many viral hemorrhagic fevers.
Rebetol (Ribavirin) is absorbed from the GI tract probably by nucleoside transporters. Absorption is about 45%, and this is modestly increased (to about 75%) by a fatty meal. Once in the plasma, Rebetol (Ribavirin) is transported through the cell membrane also by nucleoside transporters.
Rebetol (Ribavirin) is widely distributed in all tissues, including the CSF and brain. The pharmacokinetics of Rebetol (Ribavirin) is dominated by trapping of the phosphated form inside cells, particularly red blood cells (RBCs) which lack the enzyme to remove the phosphate once it has been added by kinases, and therefore attain high concentrations of the drug. Most of the kinase activity which converts the drug to active nucleotide form, is provided by adenine kinase. This enzyme is more active in virally infected cells.
The volume of distribution of Rebetol (Ribavirin) is large (2000 L/kg) and the length of time the drug is trapped varies greatly from tissue to tissue. The mean half-life for multiple doses in the body is about 12 days, but very long-term kinetics are dominated by the kinetics of RBCs (half-life 40 days). RBCs store Rebetol (Ribavirin) for the lifetime of the cells, releasing it into the body's systems when old cells are degraded in the spleen.
About a third of absorbed Rebetol (Ribavirin) is excreted into the urine unchanged, and the rest is excreted into urine as the de-ribosylated base 1,2,4-triazole 3-carboxamide, and the oxidation product of this, 1,2,4- triazole 3-carboxylic acid.
Rebetol (Ribavirin) is not substantially incorporated into DNA, but does have a dose-dependent inhibiting effect on DNA synthesis, as well as having other effects on gene-expression. Possibly for these reasons, significant teratogenic effects have been noted in all non-primate animal species on which Rebetol (Ribavirin) has been tested. Rebetol (Ribavirin) did not produce birth defects in baboons, but this should not be an indication that it is safe in humans. Therefore, two simultaneous forms of birth control are recommended during treatment of either partner and continued for six months after treatment. Women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant are advised not to take Rebetol (Ribavirin). Of special concern as regards teratogenicity is the Rebetol (Ribavirin)'s long half-life in the body. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) concentrate the drug and are unable to excrete it, so this pool is not completely eliminated until all red cells have turned over, a process estimated to take as long as 6 months. Thus in theory, Rebetol (Ribavirin) might remain a reproductive hazard for as long as 6 months after a course of the drug has ended. Drug packaging information materials in the U.S. now reflect this warning.
Rebetol (Ribavirin) should not be given with zidovudine because of the increased risk of anaemia; concurrent use with didanosine should likewise be avoided because of an increased risk of mitochondrial toxicity.
What is the shelf life of the pills?
- The expiry date is mentioned on each blister. It is different for different batches. The shelf life is 2 years from the date of manufacture and would differ from batch to batch depending on when they were manufactured.
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